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Pratibha Sharma ¹, N. Mathur ¹, A. Singh ¹, P. Bhatnagar ², M. Sogani ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Zoology, University of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, Rajasthan, IN
2 Department of Life Sciences, International College for Girls, Jaipur 302020, Rajasthan, IN
3 Department of Biotechnology, Jaipur Engineering College and Research Centre, Jaipur 302022, Rajasthan, IN

Abstract

Microorganisms perform several processes on the earth, many of which are of critical importance. Heterotrophic microbes are very much helpful in wastewater treatment. Wastewater is one of the main issues in the context of environmental pollution. The concern becomes more intense if the wastewater comes from health care industry as hospital effluents are heavily loaded with pathogenic microorganisms, pharmaceuticals partially metabolized, radioactive elements and other toxic chemical substances, such as, antitumor agents, antibiotics and organohalogen compounds. Indeed, some of the substances found in wastewaters are genotoxic and are suspected to be a possible cause of cancer. Besides treatment of wastewater, microorganisms also perform a chief task in monitoring the toxicity of wastewaters prior to treatment as well as after treatment. Hence, through this review the authors intend to draw attention on the evaluation of possible biological toxicity and mutagenicity of hospital wastewaters using biological assays. A range of toxicity and genotoxicity bioassays has been developed to establish the toxicity level of wastewater against different organisms, such as, bacteria, algae, plants, invertebrates, fish and mammals. Problems with standardization of the organisms, requirements for special equipment and skilled operators, long duration of the assay, lack of reproducibility and crucially, sacrificing a great number of animals (in case of animal bioassays) are the major disadvantages associated with animal and plant bioassays. Therefore, evaluation of biological effects using short term microbial bioassays (a rapid, simple, sensitive and cost effective method) seems to be relevant tool for assessing the mutagenic potential and health hazard caused by hazardous effluents (as from hospitals) to human beings and other higher aquatic and terrestrial organisms, upto a considerable extent.

Keywords

Short Term Microbial Bioassays, Biological Toxicity, Genotoxicity.

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Pratibha Sharma ¹, Veerubommu Shanmugam ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110 012, IN

Abstract

No Abstract.

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Pratibha Sharma ¹, S. K. Sain ¹

Affiliations
1 Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi, 110012, IN

Abstract

In cauliflower and tomato Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride application at the sites spatially separated from the S. sclerotiorum inoculation resulted in a 30-70 per cent suppression of stalk rot symptoms, caused by a delay or suppression of spreading hlighting/blackening formation. Ghen the spatial separation of both microorganisms, this effect was attributed to the induction of systemic resistance by Trichoderma spp. The observations show the superiority of T. harzianum isolates over T. viride isolates in induction of systematic resistance (ISR). In tomato and cauliflower the effects of Trichoderma, spp. were similar which confirmed that the induction of plant defense might also play role in biocontrol. Since, the suppression of the disease symptoms on leaves sprayed with Trichoderma spp. was on par with seed and seedling treated plants with Trichoderma spp., it indicates about the ISR-hypothesis. This study also shows that Trichoderma harzianum and T. viride may be effective in crop canopy.

Keywords

Cauliflower, Induced Systemic Resistance, Scleronia sclerotiorum, Trichoderma harzimwnl, T. viride, Tomato.

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Shabnam Katoch ¹, Abhishek Katoch ¹, Shiwali Dhiman ¹, Pratibha Sharma ¹, S. K. Rana ¹, P. N. Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Pathology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidylaya, Palampur - 176 062, IN

Abstract

The predicted resistance genes present in three common bean landraces KRC-5, KRC-8 and Jawala were validated for their reaction against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum races prevalent in Himachal Pradesh. The landrace KRC-5 showed resistance to 17 races (3, 7, 87, 179, 211, 238, 259, 437, 503, 513, 529, 537, 737, 775, 935, 957 and 1395) while landrace KRC-8, possessed resistance against 7 races viz., 17, 437, 513, 529, 737, 957 and 1395. In the inheritance test, F₂/RIL populations obtained from Jawala X KRC-5 segregated into 3:1/1:1 ratio, further confirming the presence of single dominant resistance gene in land race KRC-5.

Keywords

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Virulences, KRC (Kinnaur Rajmash Collection), Inheritance, Resistance.

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Pratibha Sharma

Abstract

Today soil contamination is becoming a serious problem for irrigation purpose therefore the present work was done to know the impact of water from coalmine and sewage on germination percentage, ischolar_main and shoot length of Trigonella foenum graecum. River water was used as a control. Germination percentage was insignificantly increased in sewage and coalmine water as compared to control (river). Significant increase was observed in ischolar_main length in sewage water as compared to control. Shoot length was insignificantly decreased in sewage and coalmine water as compared to control. It can be concluded from the present study that sewage and coalmine water can be used to irrigate crops and using different sources of water for irrigation is a good way to utilize different type of wastes.

Keywords

Germination percentage, Root length, Shoot length, River water, Sewage water, Coalmine water

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Pratibha Sharma ¹, Shiwali Dhiman ¹, Anila Badiyal ¹, Prem Nath Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Plant Pathology CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Palampur-176 062, IN

Abstract

Management of bean anthracnose remains a great challenge for the farmers owing to variable nature of the pathogen. Generally, disease control involves the use of chemical fungicides but keeping in view their harmful effects on environment, alternative approaches like use of natural antagonists and organic formulations are being explored to mitigate the pollution problem. In the present study, bio-control agents viz., T. harzianum (TH-11), T. harzianum (TH-5), T. koningii (DMA-8), T. koningii (JMA-11), T. viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens and bioformulations namely, Jeevamrit, Bijamrit, Tamerlassi, Vermiwash, Cow urine and Eupatorium extract were evaluated against C. lindemuthianum under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In vitro assessment of the biocontrol agents revealed maximum mycelial growth inhibition by T. koningii (DMA-8) (53.69%) whereas among bioformulations, Jeevamrit was observed to be the most effective, resulting in complete mycelial growth inhibition of the pathogen at 4, 6, 8 and 10 per cent concentrations. Similarly, under pot culture conditions in greenhouse, Jeevamrit showed maximum control of seed borne infection (75.60 %) followed by cow urine (68.25%), while artificially inoculated seeds treated with Jeevamrit and cow urine also showed up to 75.34 and 67.13 % disease control, respectively.

Keywords

Common Bean, Anthracnose, Bio-Control Agents, Bioformulations, Jeevamrit, Trichoderma.

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